Please click upon the following links to view the pictures:

1. Claude Monet: Gare Saint Lazare
2. William Bell Scott: Iron and Coal
3. Industrialization and Demographic Change
4. Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People
5. Eastman Johnson: The Hatch Family
6. The Ages of Woman
7. Kathe Kollwitz: Lunch Hour
8. Leon Frederic: The Stages of a Worker
8. Jacob Steinhardt: The City

With the exception of a few written documents, most accounts of Aztec culture, like that oflncan and Mayan cultures, come from pktographs, sculptures, and other artifacts. Historical events are often depicted from the point of view of the conqueror rather than the vanquished. Here we see one of the few depictions of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec from the perspective of the con­quered people. In this Aztec manuscript from about 1519 to 1522, shortly after Cortez entered Mexico in 1519, the bloody and brutal suppression of the Aztec is shown in all its horror. Notice the Aztec offering what appears to be a wreath to Cortez, holding a sword about to be swung.

CONSIDER: The symbols of conquest and destruction shown in the illustration.

Click HERE to view the visual source.

This painting by Frans Fracken II represents the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1555. In the center sits Charles V with outstretched hands, symbolically giving Spain and the Netherlands to his son Philip on his left and the Em­pire to his brother Ferdinand on his right. Next to Philip stand various political figures, and below them are banners repre­senting the provinces. In the foreground is an allegorical scene representing Spain's dominance of the sea and the New World. On the left is the bearded Neptune with a globe and his court; on the right is an Indian and other exotic figures and animals offering homage (in the form of gold treasure). The event occurred in Brussels on October 25, 1555, shortly after Charles assented to the Peace of Augsburg, which has been in­terpreted as a double defeat for him: a recognition of Lutheranism and a political victory for German princes over imperial authority. There Charles made a speech, which included the following statements:

  "I had no inordinate ambition to rule a multitude of kingdoms, but merely sought to secure the welfare of Germany, to provide for the defense of Flanders, to consecrate my forces to the safety of Christianity against the Turk, and to labor for the extension of the Christian religion. But although such zeal was mine, I was unable to show so much of it as I might have wished, on account of the troubles raised by the heresies of Luther and other innovators of Germany, and on account of serious war into which the hostility and envy of neighboring princes had driven men, and from which I have safely emerged, thanks to the favor of God. ... I am determined then to retire to Spain, to yield to my son Philip the possession of all my states, and to my brother, the king of the Romans, the Empire. . . . Above all, be­ware of infection from the sects of neighboring lands. Extirpate at once the germs, if they appear in your midst, for fear lest they may spread abroad and utterly overthrow your state, and lest you may fall into the direst calamities."

CONSIDER: How this picture and speech reflect the position and predicament of the Hapsburgs during this period.